Developing long-term energy and carbon emission modelling for the operational activities of ports: A case study of Fremantle Ports

The port and maritime industry contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. As such, there is increasing pressure for ports to decarbonise their operations. Despite the availability of multiple port carbon inventory and emission reduction guidance documents, no published methodologies currently exist for the development of port energy consumption and carbon emission forecasting. To fill this information gap, a methodology was developed through the review and experimentation with established forecasting techniques. The ‘ISCA’ Base Case Approach was adopted as a scaffolding for model development, largely to test the usability of the approach, currently in pilot. The approach consists of a baseline scenario and an ‘actual case’ scenario. A combination of qualitative, quantitative - time series and quantitative - causal modelling techniques were incorporated into the methodology. Linear and non-linear regression analysis curve-fitting techniques were selected as the most appropriate time-series modelling method for long-term energy and emissions projections, with simple linear regression analysis used for causal models. The methodology was tested through its application in a case study for Fremantle Ports. As a result of obligations from the state government to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, Fremantle Ports required the development of long-term energy consumption and carbon emission projections for its internal operations and container terminals to 2050. Using a bottom-up strategy, categorising energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by trade type, energy type and facility, the methodology successfully developed long-term energy and emissions projections. As per this modelling, energy consumption at Fremantle Ports is expected to increase 53% under the baseline scenario and 46.5% under the actual case scenario (Figure 1). Despite increases of energy consumption at the port, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to decrease 71% and 74% under the baseline and actual case scenarios, respectively (Figure 2). These drastic emissions reductions are predominantly the result of projected scope 2 emission factor decreases as grid renewable electricity generation capacity increases. The usability of the ISCA Base Case Approach for energy and emissions modelling was found to be adequate, although issues were experienced distinguishing constant and variable energy use. Additionally, it is recommended that a third scenario is incorporated into the approach

Further phenotypic characterization of the primitive lineage− CD34+CD38−CD90+CD45RA− hematopoietic stem cell/progenitor cell sub-population isolated from cord blood, mobilized peripheral blood and patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia

The most primitive hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)/progenitor cell (PC) population reported to date is characterized as being Lin−CD34+CD38−CD90+CD45R. We have a long-standing interest in comparing the characteristics of hematopoietic progenitor cell populations enriched from normal subjects and patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In order to investigate further purification of HSCs and for potential targetable differences between the very primitive normal and CML stem/PCs, we have phenotypically compared the normal and CML Lin−CD34+CD38−CD90+CD45RA− HSC/PC populations. The additional antigens analyzed were HLA-DR, the receptor tyrosine kinases c-kit and Tie2, the interleukin-3 cytokine receptor, CD33 and the activation antigen CD69, the latter of which was recently reported to be selectively elevated in cell lines expressing the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. Notably, we found a strikingly low percentage of cells from the HSC/PC sub-population isolated from CML patients that were found to express the c-kit receptor (<1%) compared with the percentages of HSC/PCs expressing the c-kitR isolated from umbilical cord blood (50%) and mobilized peripheral blood (10%). Surprisingly, Tie2 receptor expression within the HSC/PC subset was extremely low from both normal and CML samples. Using in vivo transplantation studies, we provide evidence that HLA-DR, c-kitR, Tie2 and IL-3R may not be suitable markers for further partitioning of HSCs from the Lin−CD34+CD38−CD90+CD45RA− sub-population

Functional heterogeneity of human CD34(+) cells isolated in subcompartments of the G0 /G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Using simultaneous Hoechst 33342 (Hst) and Pyronin Y (PY) staining for determination of DNA and RNA content, respectively, human CD34(+) cells were isolated in subcompartments of the G0 /G1 phase of the cell cycle by flow cytometric cell sorting. In both bone marrow (BM) and mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) CD34(+) cells, primitive long-term hematopoietic culture-initiating cell (LTHC-IC) activity was higher in CD34(+) cells isolated in G0 (G0CD34(+) cells) than in those residing in G1 (G1CD34(+) cells). However, as MPB CD34(+) cells displayed a more homogeneous cell-cycle status within the G0 /G1 phase and a relative absence of cells in late G1 , DNA/RNA fractionation was less effective in segregating LTHC-IC in MPB than in BM. BM CD34(+) cells belonging to four subcompartments of increasing RNA content within the G0 /G1 phase were evaluated in functional assays. The persistence of CD34 expression in suspension culture was inversely correlated with the initial RNA content of test cells. Multipotential progenitors were present in G0 or early G1 subcompartments, while lineage-restricted granulomonocytic progenitors were more abundant in late G1 . In vitro hematopoiesis was maintained for up to 6 weeks with G0CD34(+) cells, whereas production of clonogenic progenitors was more limited in cultures initiated with G1CD34(+) cells. To test the hypothesis that primitive LTHC-ICs would reenter a state of relative quiescence after in vitro division, BM CD34(+) cells proliferating in ex vivo cultures were identified from their quiescent counterparts by a relative loss of membrane intercalating dye PKH2, and were further fractionated with Hst and PY. The same functional hierarchy was documented within the PKH2(dim) population whereby LTHC-IC frequency was higher for CD34(+) cells reselected in G0 after in vitro division than for CD34(+) cells reisolated in G1 or in S/G2 + M. However, the highest LTHC-IC frequency was found in quiescent PKH2(bright) CD34(+) cells. Together, these results support the concept that cells with distinct hematopoietic capabilities follow different pathways during the G0 /G1 phase of the cell cycle both in vivo and during ex vivo culture